Педерастия в Древней Греции

Педерастия в Древней Греции – социально признанные отношения между мужчиной старшего возраста (эрастес) и мужчиной младшего возраста (эроменос), обычно в подростковом возрасте^[2]. Оная была характерна для архаического и классического периодов^[3].

Некоторые учёные связывают её происхождение с ритуалом инициации, в частности, с обрядами перехода на Крите, этот обычай был связан с вступлением в военную жизнь и поклонением Зевсу^[4]. Она не упоминается формально в гомеровском эпосе и, возможно, развилась в конце VII века до н.э. как аспект греческой гомосоциальной культуры^[5], которая также характеризовалась спортивной и художественной наготой, поздним браком для аристократов, симпосиями и социальной изоляцией женщин.

В античной литературе и философии педерастия одновременно идеализировалась и критиковалась^[6]. Историк Эндрю Лир считает, что идеализация имела всеобщий характер в архаический период, а критика началась в Афинах как часть общей классической афинской переоценки архаической культуры^[7].

Ученые спорят о роли и масштабах педерастии, которые, вероятно, варьировались в зависимости от местных обычаев и индивидуальных предпочтений. Английское слово «педерастия» в современном употреблении в некоторых юрисдикциях может подразумевать насилие над несовершеннолетними, но афинский закон, например, признавал как согласие, так и возраст факторами, регулирующими сексуальное поведение^[8].

Примечания

↑ Kenneth James Dover. Greek Homosexuality. — Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1989. — P. 118. — ISBN 0674362616.
↑ C.D.C. Reeve, Plato on Love: Lysis, Symposium, Phaedrus, Alcibiades with Selections from Republic and Laws (Hackett, 2006), p. xxi online; Martti Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, translated by Kirsi Stjerna (Augsburg Fortress, 1998, 2004), p. 57 online; Nigel Blake et al., Education in an Age of Nihilism (Routledge, 2000), p. 183 online.
↑ Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, p. 57; William Armstrong Percy III, "Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities," in Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West (Binghamton: Haworth, 2005), p. 17. Sexual variety, not excluding paiderastia, was characteristic of the Hellenistic era; see Peter Green, "Sex and Classical Literature", in Classical Bearings: Interpreting Ancient Culture and History (University of California Press, 1989, 1998), p. 146 online.
↑ Robert B. Koehl, "The Chieftain Cup and a Minoan Rite of Passage", Journal of Hellenic Studies 106 (1986) 99–110, with a survey of the relevant scholarship including that of Arthur Evans (p. 100) and others such as H. Jeanmaire and R. F. Willetts (pp. 104–105); Deborah Kamen, "The Life Cycle in Archaic Greece", The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 91–92. Kenneth Dover, a pioneer in the study of Greek homosexuality, rejects the initiation theory of origin; see "Greek Homosexuality and Initiation", in Que(e)rying Religion: A Critical Anthology (Continuum, 1997), pp. 19–38. For Dover, it seems, the argument that Greek paiderastia as a social custom was related to rites of passage constitutes a denial of homosexuality as natural or innate; this may be to overstate or misrepresent what the initiatory theorists have said. The initiatory theory claims to account not for the existence of ancient Greek homosexuality in general but rather for that of formal paiderastia.
↑ Thomas Hubbard, "Pindar's Tenth Olympian and Athlete-Trainer Pederasty", in Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity, pp. 143 and 163 (note 37), with cautions about the term "homosocial" from Percy, p. 49, note 5.
↑ For examples, see Kenneth Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1989), p. 165, note 18, where the eschatological value of paiderastia for the soul in Plato is noted. For a more cynical view of the custom, see the comedies of Aristophanes, e.g. Wealth 149–159. Paul Gilabert Barberà, "John Addington Symonds. A Problem in Greek Ethics. Plutarch's Eroticus Quoted Only in Some Footnotes? Why?" in The Statesman in Plutarch's Works (Brill, 2004), p. 303; and the pioneering view of Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1921, 3rd ed.), vol. 2, p. 12. For Stoic "utopian" views of paiderastia, see Doyne Dawson, Cities of the Gods: Communist Utopias in Greek Thought (Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 192.
↑ See Andrew Lear, "Was pederasty problematized? A diachronic view" in Sex in Antiquity: exploring gender and sexuality in the ancient world, eds. Mark Masterson, Nancy Rabinowitz, and James Robson (Routledge, 2014).
↑ See Osborne following. Gloria Ferrari, however, notes that there were conventions of age pertaining to sexual activity, and if a man violated these by seducing a boy who was too young to consent to becoming an eromenos, the predator might be subject to prosecution under the law of hubris; Figures of Speech: Men and Maidens in Ancient Greece (University of Chicago Press, 2002), pp. 139–140.

Литература

Dover, Kenneth J. Greek Homosexuality. Duckworth 1978.
Dover, Kenneth J. "Greek Homosexuality and Initiation", Que(e)rying Religion: A Critical Anthology. Continuum, 1997, pp. 19–38.
Ellis, Havelock. Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 2: Sexual Inversion. Project Gutenberg text
Ferrari, Gloria. Figures of Speech: Men and Maidens in Ancient Greece. University of Chicago Press, 2002.
Hubbard, Thomas K. Homosexuality in Greece and Rome. University of California Press, 2003.Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a sourcebook of basic documents in translation
Johnson, Marguerite, and Ryan, Terry. Sexuality in Greek and Roman Society and Literature: A Sourcebook. Routledge, 2005.
Lear, Andrew, and Eva Cantarella. Images of Ancient Greek Pederasty: Boys Were Their Gods. Routledge, 2008. ISBN 978-0-415-22367-6.
Lear, Andrew. 'Ancient Pederasty: an introduction' in A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, editor Thomas K. Hubbard (Blackwell, 2014), pp. 102–27.
Nussbaum, Martha. Sex and Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 1999.
Percy, William A. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. University of Illinois Press, 1996.
Plato. Charmides. — Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica.
Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West. Binghamton: Haworth, 2005.
Sergent, Bernard. Homosexuality in Greek Myth. Beacon Press, 1986.* Dover, Kenneth J. Greek Homosexuality. Duckworth 1978.
Dover, Kenneth J. "Greek Homosexuality and Initiation", Que(e)rying Religion: A Critical Anthology. Continuum, 1997, pp. 19–38.
Ellis, Havelock. Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 2: Sexual Inversion. Project Gutenberg text
Ferrari, Gloria. Figures of Speech: Men and Maidens in Ancient Greece. University of Chicago Press, 2002.
Hubbard, Thomas K. Homosexuality in Greece and Rome. University of California Press, 2003.Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a sourcebook of basic documents in translation
Johnson, Marguerite, and Ryan, Terry. Sexuality in Greek and Roman Society and Literature: A Sourcebook. Routledge, 2005.
Lear, Andrew, and Eva Cantarella. Images of Ancient Greek Pederasty: Boys Were Their Gods. Routledge, 2008. ISBN 978-0-415-22367-6.
Lear, Andrew. 'Ancient Pederasty: an introduction' in A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, editor Thomas K. Hubbard (Blackwell, 2014), pp. 102–27.
Nussbaum, Martha. Sex and Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 1999.
Percy, William A. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. University of Illinois Press, 1996.
Plato. Charmides. — Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica.
Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West. Binghamton: Haworth, 2005.
Sergent, Bernard. Homosexuality in Greek Myth. Beacon Press, 1986.

Ссылки

На Викискладе есть медиафайлы по теме Педерастия в Древней Греции

[1] Kenneth James Dover. Greek Homosexuality. — Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1989. — P. 118. — ISBN 0674362616.

[2] C.D.C. Reeve, Plato on Love: Lysis, Symposium, Phaedrus, Alcibiades with Selections from Republic and Laws (Hackett, 2006), p. xxi online; Martti Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, translated by Kirsi Stjerna (Augsburg Fortress, 1998, 2004), p. 57 online; Nigel Blake et al., Education in an Age of Nihilism (Routledge, 2000), p. 183 online.

[3] Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, p. 57; William Armstrong Percy III, "Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities," in Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West (Binghamton: Haworth, 2005), p. 17. Sexual variety, not excluding paiderastia, was characteristic of the Hellenistic era; see Peter Green, "Sex and Classical Literature", in Classical Bearings: Interpreting Ancient Culture and History (University of California Press, 1989, 1998), p. 146 online.

[4] Robert B. Koehl, "The Chieftain Cup and a Minoan Rite of Passage", Journal of Hellenic Studies 106 (1986) 99–110, with a survey of the relevant scholarship including that of Arthur Evans (p. 100) and others such as H. Jeanmaire and R. F. Willetts (pp. 104–105); Deborah Kamen, "The Life Cycle in Archaic Greece", The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 91–92. Kenneth Dover, a pioneer in the study of Greek homosexuality, rejects the initiation theory of origin; see "Greek Homosexuality and Initiation", in Que(e)rying Religion: A Critical Anthology (Continuum, 1997), pp. 19–38. For Dover, it seems, the argument that Greek paiderastia as a social custom was related to rites of passage constitutes a denial of homosexuality as natural or innate; this may be to overstate or misrepresent what the initiatory theorists have said. The initiatory theory claims to account not for the existence of ancient Greek homosexuality in general but rather for that of formal paiderastia.

[5] Thomas Hubbard, "Pindar's Tenth Olympian and Athlete-Trainer Pederasty", in Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity, pp. 143 and 163 (note 37), with cautions about the term "homosocial" from Percy, p. 49, note 5.

[6] For examples, see Kenneth Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1989), p. 165, note 18, where the eschatological value of paiderastia for the soul in Plato is noted. For a more cynical view of the custom, see the comedies of Aristophanes, e.g. Wealth 149–159. Paul Gilabert Barberà, "John Addington Symonds. A Problem in Greek Ethics. Plutarch's Eroticus Quoted Only in Some Footnotes? Why?" in The Statesman in Plutarch's Works (Brill, 2004), p. 303; and the pioneering view of Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1921, 3rd ed.), vol. 2, p. 12. For Stoic "utopian" views of paiderastia, see Doyne Dawson, Cities of the Gods: Communist Utopias in Greek Thought (Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 192.

[7] See Andrew Lear, "Was pederasty problematized? A diachronic view" in Sex in Antiquity: exploring gender and sexuality in the ancient world, eds. Mark Masterson, Nancy Rabinowitz, and James Robson (Routledge, 2014).

[8] See Osborne following. Gloria Ferrari, however, notes that there were conventions of age pertaining to sexual activity, and if a man violated these by seducing a boy who was too young to consent to becoming an eromenos, the predator might be subject to prosecution under the law of hubris; Figures of Speech: Men and Maidens in Ancient Greece (University of Chicago Press, 2002), pp. 139–140.

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